The Monarch
Canada is a constitutional monarchy. This means that the laws governing Canada recognize the Monarch as the formal Head of State. All federal laws are made in the Monarch’s name. They also performs many important ceremonial duties when visiting Canada.
The Governor General’s Standard is a symbol of the Crown’s sovereignty in Canada
The Governor General
The Governor General is the Monarch’s representative in Canada. The Monarch appoints the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Governor General usually serves for five years. One of the most important roles of the Governor General is to ensure that Canada always has a Prime Minister. For example, if no party had a clear majority after an election, or if the Prime Minister were to die in office, the Governor General would have to choose a successor.
The Governor General acts on the advice of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The duties of the Governor General include: summoning, opening and ending sessions of Parliament; reading the Speech from the Throne; giving Royal Assent to bills; signing state documents; and dissolving Parliament for an election.
The Senate
The Senate studies, amends and either rejects or approves bills passed by the House of Commons. It can also introduce its own bills, except those to spend public money or impose taxes, which must be introduced in the House of Commons. No bill can become law until it has been passed by the Senate. Senators also study major social, legal and economic issues through their committee work.
One of the duties of the Senate is to represent the interests of Canada’s regions, provinces, territories and minority groups. Seats in the Senate are distributed to give each major region of the country equal representation.
The Senate has 105 members. Senators are appointed by the Governor General on the recommendation of the Prime Minister and hold office until age 75.
Distribution of Senate Seats
| Province or Territory | Seats |
|---|---|
| Ontario | 24 |
| Quebec | 24 |
| Maritimes | 24 |
| Nova Scotia | 10 |
| New Brunswick | 10 |
| Prince Edward Island | 4 |
| Western Provinces | 24 |
| Manitoba | 6 |
| British Columbia | 6 |
| Saskatchewan | 6 |
| Alberta | 6 |
| Additional Representation | 9 |
| Newfoundland and Labrador | 6 |
| Northwest Territories | 1 |
| Yukon | 1 |
| Nunavut | 1 |
| Total | 105 |
The House of Commons
The House of Commons provides a link between Canadians and their Parliament. The people we elect to represent us — farmers, teachers, lawyers, businesspeople and others — bring their ideas and experience to bear on their work.
Many laws in Canada first begin as bills in the House of Commons. In the Commons Chamber, Members devote most of their time to debating and voting on bills. The Chamber is also a place where Members represent constituents’ views, discuss national issues and call on the government to explain its actions.
To become a Member of Parliament (MP), you must first run in a federal election, which is usually held every four years. In each of the country’s 338 constituencies, or ridings, the candidate who gets the most votes is elected to the House of Commons, even if he or she gets less than half of the total votes.
Seats in the House of Commons are distributed roughly in proportion to the population of each province and territory. In general, the more people in a province or territory, the more Members it has in the House of Commons. Every province or territory must have at least as many Members in the Commons as it has in the Senate.
Distribution of
House of Commons Seats
| Province or Territory | Seats |
|---|---|
| Ontario | 121 |
| Quebec | 78 |
| Nova Scotia | 11 |
| New Brunswick | 10 |
| Prince Edward Island | 4 |
| Manitoba | 14 |
| British Columbia | 42 |
| Saskatchewan | 14 |
| Alberta | 34 |
| Newfoundland and Labrador | 7 |
| Northwest Territories | 1 |
| Yukon | 1 |
| Nunavut | 1 |
| Total | 338 |