Any substantive changes in this Legislative Summary that have been made since the preceding issue are indicated in bold print.
Bill C-99, An Act to amend the Citizenship Act,1 was introduced in the House of Commons on 28 May 2019 by the Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship. This bill aims to modify the Oath or Affirmation of Citizenship, a change requiring an amendment to the Citizenship Act.2 The current Oath of Citizenship has not been modified in over 40 years.
The Oath of Citizenship is currently presented as follows in the schedule to the Citizenship Act:
I swear (or affirm) that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second, Queen of Canada, Her Heirs and Successors, and that I will faithfully observe the laws of Canada and fulfil my duties as a Canadian citizen.
The Oath of Citizenship is a solemn declaration through which applicants swear or affirm their allegiance to the Queen of Canada. It constitutes the final legal requirement to becoming a Canadian citizen.3
In 2015, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC) presented its six-volume final report and 94 calls to action. The TRC spent six years hearing more than 6,500 witnesses across Canada to shed light on the legacy of residential schools and to pave the way to reconciliation between Indigenous and non Indigenous peoples. The federal government committed to implementing the calls to action in the areas that fell within its jurisdiction.
In one of two calls to action pertaining to citizenship,4 the TRC called upon the federal government to replace the Oath of Citizenship with the following:
I swear (or affirm) that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, Her Heirs and Successors, and that I will faithfully observe the laws of Canada including Treaties with Indigenous Peoples, and fulfill my duties as a Canadian citizen.5
Changing the Oath of Citizenship to account for the above call to action was described as a top priority for the Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship in the Prime Minister’s 2017 mandate letter.6
The development of Bill C-99 was guided by consultations with immigrants and Indigenous partners. In 2017, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) held focus groups with both recent and established immigrants regarding the citizenship oath text proposed in the TRC’s calls to action. The overall reaction from the focus groups was positive, but some participants emphasized that the amended oath would need to be accompanied by sufficient education for newcomers about Indigenous peoples and treaties. Others questioned the amendment, concerned that it might create a precedent for other groups wishing to be included in the oath.7
In partnership with Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, IRCC also conducted consultations with the Assembly of First Nations, the Métis National Council and Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami.8
Some concerns were raised in the media about the version of the oath proposed in the calls to action. These included questions about the ability of an individual citizen to “faithfully observe … Treaties with Indigenous Peoples,” and criticism that the thousands of Indigenous people belonging to nations that did not sign treaties were not reflected in the oath.9
Clause 1 of Bill C-99 replaces the Oath of Citizenship currently provided in the schedule to the Citizenship Act with the following text found in the schedule set out in the bill:
I swear (or affirm) that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second, Queen of Canada, Her Heirs and Successors, and that I will faithfully observe the laws of Canada, including the Constitution, which recognizes and affirms the Aboriginal and treaty rights of First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples, and fulfil my duties as a Canadian citizen.
The wording proposed in the bill differs from that recommended by the TRC, insofar as it refers not to “Treaties with Indigenous Peoples” but to “the Aboriginal and treaty rights of First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples” as recognized and affirmed in section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982.10
Aboriginal rights are collective rights held inherently by Indigenous peoples by virtue of their historic occupation of the land. They may include Aboriginal title to the land, self-governing rights, land and resources rights, and social and cultural rights, among other rights. For their part, treaty rights are defined in the historic and modern treaties negotiated between the Crown and specific Indigenous groups.
Clause 2 establishes that the modified oath comes into force on the day after the bill receives Royal Assent.
* Notice: For clarity of exposition, the legislative proposals set out in the bill described in this Legislative Summary are stated as if they had already been adopted or were in force. It is important to note, however, that bills may be amended during their consideration by the House of Commons and Senate, and have no force or effect unless and until they are passed by both houses of Parliament, receive Royal Assent, and come into force. [ Return to text ]
(300 KB, 20 pages), 2015, para. 93, pp. 10–11; and Government of Canada, Delivering on Truth and Reconciliation Commission Calls to Action. [ Return to text ] (1.7 MB, 79 pages), 2017, p. 31; and IRCC, 2017–2018 Departmental Results Report (2 MB, 80 pages), 2018, p. 35. [ Return to text ]© Library of Parliament